Tataki Faʻu ʻo e Sisitemi SWRO

ʻApi » Ngaahi Meʻa Tokoni » Tataki Faʻu SWRO

ʻOku ʻalu ʻa e tataki ni ʻi he ngaahi fili fakatekinikale ʻoku fie maʻu ke faʻu ha ʻapi osimosisi fakafoki vai tahi (SWRO): mei he ʻuluaki sivi ʻo e feituʻu mo e vai ʻo aʻu ki he tokanga muʻa, fili ʻo e membrane mo e pamu, fakaakeake malohi, ngaahi meʻa pule, mo e tokanga hili. ʻOku fakakaukau ʻoku ke maheni mo e ngaahi meʻa tefito ʻi heʻemau tataki Ngaahi Meʻa Tefito ʻo e Osimosisi Fakafoki .

1. Sivi ʻo e Feituʻu mo e Sivi ʻo e Vai

Ko e meʻa mahuʻinga taha ki he faʻu SWRO ko ha sivi kakato mo foʻou ʻo e vai fakahū. ʻI he siʻi taha, maʻu:

• TDS (35,000 mg/L angamaheni ʻi he moana ʻataʻatā; 38,000–42,000 ʻi he Kulufi ʻArapea mo e Tahi Kulokula).
• Tuʻunga ʻo e māfana — siʻi taha, lahi taha, fakataumuʻa. ʻOku holo ʻa e flux ʻo e membrane ʻi he ~3% ʻi he °C ʻi lalo ʻi he 25 °C; kuo pau ke fakakau ʻe he fua ʻo e pamu mo e ERD ʻa e momoko ʻo e faʻahitaʻu momoko.
• SDI₁₅ (taumuʻa < 3 hili ʻa e tokanga muʻa ʻo fakatatau ki he ASTM D4189).
• Ngaahi ione kotoa — Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO₄, HCO₃, Br, F, NO₃, Si, B.
• Boron — 4–5 ppm angamaheni ʻi he vai tahi; tataki ʻa e WHO 2.4 mg/L; ko e ngataʻanga ki he fakaviviku ʻoku faʻa < 0.5 mg/L. ʻE fie maʻu nai ha RO hū tuʻo ua pe ha fetongi ione ʻoku fili ʻa e boron.
• Ngaahi meʻa ʻōkeniki (TOC), turbidity, lolo mo e ngako, lau ʻo e limu — ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻo e ʻuli fakaeʻilo moʻui.
• Kolo taʻehaʻi, ORP, ʻokisiseni kuo mole, H₂S.

Vakai ki heʻemau tataki ki he ngaahi fua tuʻunga vai ki hono fakamatalaʻi. ʻOku fie maʻu ʻe he ngaahi maʻu vai ʻoku ava ha tokanga muʻa mālohi ange ʻi he ngaahi vaikeli matātahi; ko e tupu ʻa e limu ʻoku ne pule ki he fili ʻo e UF.

2. Fua ʻo e Lahi

Fakapapauʻi:

• Lahi moʻoni ʻo e vai (m³/ʻaho pe GPD) — ko e meʻa ʻoku maʻu moʻoni ʻe he tokotaha ngāue.
• Malava ʻa e ʻapi — angamaheni ko e 90–95% ʻo fakakau ʻa e CIP, fetongi ʻo e cartridge, mo e tuku ʻa e maʻu vai.
• Fie maʻu lahi taha mo e fakatatau — kapau ʻoku > 1.3 ʻa e lahi taha ʻi he fakatatau, fakakaukau ki ha tauhiʻanga vai kae ʻoua naʻa fakalahi fau ʻa e ʻapi.
• Toe ʻi ai ha taha — ngaahi laine N+1 ki he ngāue mahuʻinga. Ko e laine ʻe ua ʻi he 50% mo ha 50% ki mui ʻoku angamaheni ki he kolo ʻoku < 10 MGD.
• Fakalahi ʻi he kahaʻu — fua ʻa e fale, maʻu vai, mo e liʻaki vai ki he fakafuofua taʻu 10 neongo ʻoku ngata ʻa e Konga 1 ʻi ha meʻa siʻi ange.

Lahi fakataumuʻa = (Lahi moʻoni) ÷ (Malava) × (1 + Vahe ʻo e taimi lahi taha).

3. Fakaakeake mo e Concentration Polarization

Ko e fakaakeake ʻo e SWRO ʻi he hū tuʻo taha ʻoku angamaheni ko e 35–50%. Ko e fakaakeake māʻolunga ange ʻoku ʻuhinga ki ha maʻu vai mo ha liʻaki vai siʻi ange, siʻi ange ʻa e pamu ʻo e vai fakahū, ka ʻoku māʻolunga ange ʻa e TDS ʻo e vai māsima mo e mafatukituki osimotiki. ʻOku meimei pehē ʻa e tupu ʻa e TDS ʻo e vai māsima:

C_brine ≈ C_feed × (1 − Y · R) / (1 − Y)

ʻI he Y = 45% ʻi ha vai fakahū 38,000 mg/L (R = 99.7%), ʻoku aʻu ʻa e vai māsima ki he ~69,000 mg/L mo e π ≈ 55 bar. Ko e faktā concentration polarization β (taumuʻa faʻu 1.1–1.2) ʻoku ne toe hiki ʻa e fefeka ʻi he holisi. Vakai ki he polokalama fakafuofua (DuPont WAVE, Hydranautics IMSDesign, Toray DS2) ki he ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻo e fakaakeake lahi taha ʻo e meʻa mo e ngaahi fua ʻo e tānaki fefeka (LSI, S&DSI, CaSO₄, BaSO₄, SrSO₄, SiO₂).

4. Fili ʻo e Tokanga Muʻa

Kuo pau ke ʻoatu ʻe he tokanga muʻa ʻa e SDI₁₅ < 3, turbidity < 0.2 NTU, kolo taʻehaʻi < 0.1 ppm, mo ha antiscalant feʻunga ki he vai fakahū RO.

Sitepu	Meʻangāue	Ngaahi Fakamatala
Fakamama lalahi mo iiki	Fakamama takai pe noʻo, 1–3 mm	Maʻu vai ʻoku ava pē
Fakataha meʻa iiki	Fakamahu FeCl₃ pe polyaluminum	Ki he vai ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e limu pe meʻa ʻōkeniki
Fakamaʻa / DAF	Fakateteka ʻaki ʻa e ʻea kuo mole	Tupu ʻa e limu, TOC māʻolunga
Tātā ʻaki ʻa e meʻa	Meʻa ua (anthracite mo e ʻone-ʻone), mafatukituki pe mamafa	5–10 gpm/ft²
Ultrafiltration (UF)	UF afo loua (Inge, Pentair, Toray)	ʻOku fili ki he maʻu vai ʻoku ava; SDI<2
Tātā cartridge	PP kuo fōlate 5 µm	Maluʻi ʻo e RO; 3–5 gpm ʻi he meʻa 10″
Antiscalant	King Lee Pretreat Plus 0100, Genesys LF, Avista Vitec	Angamaheni 2–5 ppm
Toʻo ʻo e kolo	Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) pe karapone ngāue	3 ppm SMBS ʻi he ppm Cl₂

5. Fili ʻo e Membrane

• DuPont FilmTec SW30HRLE-440i / SW30XLE — ko e meʻa SWRO taʻofi māʻolunga malohi siʻi fakatuʻunga; taʻofi 99.8%; tafe 7,500 gpd ʻi he sivi 800 psi.
• LG Chem NanoH2O SW440 ES — thin-film nanocomposite (TFN); flux māʻolunga ʻi ha mafatukituki māʻulalo ange, taʻofi boron lelei.
• Toray TM820V-440 — taʻofi māʻolunga ʻaupito mo e tuʻu maʻu ki he kemikale.
• Hydranautics SWC6 MAX — tafe mo e taʻofi fakatatau, malohi ki he ngaahi vai fakahū feliliuaki.

Faikehekehe: ko e ngaahi meʻa taʻofi māʻolunga (HR) ʻoku nau ʻoatu ha TDS mo ha taʻofi boron lelei ange ʻi ha mafatukituki fakahū māʻolunga ange; ko e ngaahi meʻa malohi siʻi (LE) ʻoku nau fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e SEC ka ʻoku ʻau atu ai ha boron mo ha TDS siʻi ange. Ki he vai inu, ʻoku angamaheni ʻa e hū tuʻo ua ʻi he taimi ʻoku pau ai ke aʻu ʻa e boron ki he < 0.5 mg/L.

Flux fakataumuʻa 12–15 LMH (7–9 GFD) ki he maʻu vai ʻoku ava; 14–17 LMH ki he vai mei he vaikeli matātahi. Ko e ipu ʻoku 7 ʻa e meʻa ʻi he taki taha, ko e meʻa ʻe 6–8 ʻoku fakatuʻunga.

6. Fili ʻo e Pamu Mafatukituki Māʻolunga

Faʻahinga Pamu	Ngaahi Malohi	Lahi Angamaheni
Danfoss APP axial piston	Lelei ʻaupito (88%+), siʻi, taʻe ha lolo, feʻunga ki he SWRO siʻi mo lotolotoʻi mo e ngaahi sisitemi ʻoku ngāue ʻaki ʻa e laʻā	0.4–88 m³/h
CAT triplex plunger	Malohi, faingofua hono tauhi, lelei ki he ngaahi meʻa ʻi ha kōnitena ʻoku feliliuaki ʻa e mafatukituki	0.5–25 m³/h
Grundfos CR / CRN multistage	Centrifugal sitepu lahi ukamea taʻe-ʻuli; ʻoku maʻu ngofua; ʻoku siʻi ange ʻa e lelei ʻi he mafatukituki SWRO	1–180 m³/h
FEDCO MSD / MSS	Super Duplex kuo lī, tekinolosia bearing vai, lelei vai 87%	7.5–1,120 m³/h

7. Fili ʻo e Fakaakeake Malohi

Ki ha SWRO ʻoku laka hake ʻi he ~30 m³/ʻaho, ʻoku vave ʻa e foki mai ʻa e paʻanga ʻo ha meʻa fakaakeake malohi (ERD). Vakai ki heʻemau tataki fakaakeake malohi ki he fika.

Fakafuofua	Turbocharger FEDCO HPB	Meʻa Fetongi Mafatukituki ERI PX
Lelei ʻo e fetuku	80–83%	95–97%
Fefiofi (vai māsima ki he vai fakahū)	ʻIkai (tafe makehe)	1–3% (rotor seramika)
ʻOku fie maʻu ha pamu fakalahi?	ʻIkai (fakalahi ʻi loto)	ʻIo (pamu fakatakai siʻi)
Feituʻu ʻoku fie maʻu	Siʻi, meʻa pē ʻe taha	Ngaahi PX lahi ʻoku fakatatau
Tauhi	ʻIkai ha lolo mei tuʻa, rotor pē ʻe taha	Rotor seramika — moʻui taʻu 15 tupu
Feʻunga lelei taha	Laine taha 50–5,000 m³/ʻaho, vai faingofua ange	Ngaahi ʻapi lalahi ʻa e kolo ʻa ia ʻoku pule ʻa e SEC

8. Fua ʻo e Ipu Mafatukituki

Ko e Codeline 80S100 (1,000 psi) mo e 80S125 (1,250 psi) ʻa e ngaahi ipu mafatukituki FRP tefito ki he ngaahi meʻa SWRO 8″. Ko e lau ʻo e meʻa ʻi he ipu taki taha ʻoku angamaheni ko e 6 pe 7. ʻOku fakapapauʻi ʻe he polokalama fakafuofua ʻo e membrane:

• Lau ʻo e ipu ʻi he sitepu taki taha
• Ngaahi meʻa ʻi he ipu taki taha
• Flux ʻo e meʻa muʻomuʻa (fakaʻehiʻehi mei hono laka hake ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻa e fale ngaohi)
• Fakaakeake ʻo e meʻa fakaʻosi (fakaʻehiʻehi mei he tānaki fefeka)

9. Ngaahi Meʻa Pule mo Fua

ʻOku ngāue ʻa e ngaahi laine SWRO ʻo e ʻaho ni ʻi he ngaahi PLC Allen-Bradley CompactLogix pe Siemens S7-1200/1500 mo e HMI (FactoryTalk View, WinCC) mo e SCADA kapau ʻoku fie maʻu. Ngaahi meʻa ʻoku fie maʻu:

• Tafe fakahū, tafe vai hū, tafe vai māsima (electromagnetic)
• Mafatukituki fakahū, mafatukituki hū ki he membrane, ΔP ʻi he sitepu taki taha, mafatukituki ʻo e ERD
• Conductivity ʻo e vai fakahū, conductivity ʻo e vai hū ʻi he laine mo e ipu taki taha (ki hono ʻiloʻi ʻo e meʻa)
• pH, ORP (hili ʻa e toʻo kolo), kolo taʻehaʻi (hili ʻa e fakamahu kapau ʻoku ngāue ʻaki)
• Tuʻunga ʻo e tāngike, tuʻunga ʻo e tāngike antiscalant mo e SMBS
• Ngalulu ʻa e pamu mo e ʻuhila ʻo e mōtolo
• Ngaahi VFD ʻi he pamu fakahū mo e pamu fakalahi ERD ki he kamata mālie mo e fakatonutonu ʻo e lahi

10. Tokanga Hili

Ko e vai hū ʻi he 200–400 mg/L TDS ʻoku ne ʻai ʻa e ʻuli metale pea ʻoku ʻikai ʻi ai ha ʻalikalaʻi. Ki he vai inu:

• Toe fakamineral — calcite contactor (mohenga maka laimi) mo e huhu CO₂, pe fakamahu laimi mo e CO₂, ke tānaki ʻa e 40–80 mg/L Ca²⁺ mo e 60–100 mg/L ʻalikalaʻi. Taumuʻa LSI > 0.
• Fakamaʻa UV — 40 mJ/cm² ʻi he siʻi taha.
• Tānaki kolo — sodium hypochlorite ke toe ʻi ai.
• Fakatonutonu fakaʻosi ʻo e pH — NaOH kapau ʻoku fie maʻu.

Ko e ngaahi ngāue fakapisinisi (vai fakahū boiler, semiconductor, faitoʻo) ʻoku faʻa fie maʻu ha toe fakamaʻa (EDI, mixed-bed, toʻo kasa) kae ʻikai ko e toe fakamineral.

11. Ngaahi Taumuʻa ʻo e Malohi Pau

ʻI ha laine ERD kuo faʻu totonu, ʻe lava ʻe he SWRO ʻo e ʻaho ni ʻo aʻusia ʻa e SEC ʻo e ʻapi kātoa ʻi he 2.5–4.0 kWh/m³ (kau ai ʻa e pamu maʻu vai, tokanga muʻa, fakahū HP, tokanga hili, mo e pamu ʻo e vai). ʻE lava ke aʻu ʻa e konga ʻo e fakahū HP pē ki he 1.8–2.2 kWh/m³. Taʻe ʻi ai ha ERD, ʻamanaki ki he 5.5–8 kWh/m³ ʻi he fakahū HP pē.

12. Fakamatala ʻo ha P&ID ʻo ha Laine Taha

Ko ha laine SWRO 200 m³/ʻaho (53,000 GPD) ʻi ha kōnitena ʻoku ngāue ʻaki ʻa e fakaakeake malohi FEDCO HPB-60:

1. ʻOku fakahū ʻe he pamu maʻu vai tahi ha tāngike fakatatau 25 m³.
2. Tātā multimedia (meʻa ua, 8 gpm/ft²) pea hoko ki ha tātā cartridge 5 µm.
3. Fakamahu antiscalant (3 ppm) mo e fakamahu SMBS (3 ppm).
4. ʻOku ʻoatu ʻe he pamu mafatukituki māʻolunga (Danfoss APP 21, ~21 m³/h, 70 bar) ʻa e vai fakahū ki he HPB-60.
5. ʻOku fakalahi ʻe he HPB-60 ʻa e vai fakahū ʻi he tafaʻaki vai māsima ʻo ~24 bar.
6. ʻOku hū ʻa e vai fakahū fakataha ki he ipu mafatukituki 8″ ʻe ua ʻoku fakatatau, ʻoku fakafonu taki taha ʻaki ʻa e meʻa FilmTec SW30HRLE-440i ʻe 7.
7. Vai hū ki he tauhiʻanga; vai māsima ʻi he ava vai māsima ʻo e HPB-60 ki he liʻaki vai.
8. Tokanga hili ki he vai hū: calcite contactor mo e UV.
9. Skid CIP mo e tāngike fakamāfana, pamu CIP makehe, mo e ngaahi ipu kemikale.
10. PLC Allen-Bradley CompactLogix, HMI PanelView 7, mo e ngaahi meʻa fua conductivity, tafe mo e mafatukituki ʻi he potu kotoa.