Vai Ma'a & Malohi Ma'a
'Omi 'a e Vai Ma'a Ki he Tuliki Kotoa pe 'o Mamani
Vai Ma'a & Malohi Ma'a
'Omi 'a e Vai Ma'a Ki he Tuliki Kotoa pe 'o Mamani
Founga hono fakasiʻisiʻi ʻe he ngaahi ERD ʻa e ngāue ʻaki ʻuhila SWRO ʻo 50% — meʻa fetongi mafatukituki mo e turbocharger.
ʻI ha ʻapi SWRO angamaheni ʻoku ngāue ʻi he fakaakeake 40–45%, ʻoku hū atu ʻa e 55–60% ʻo e vai fakahū mei he laine membrane ko e vai māsima — ʻoku kei ofi pē ki he mafatukituki ngāue ʻo e membrane (~55–70 bar). ʻOku fua ʻe he tafe vai māsima ko ia ʻa e 60–80% ʻo e malohi vai naʻe ʻoatu ʻe he pamu mafatukituki māʻolunga. Ko hono liʻaki ʻo e malohi ko ia ʻi ha valve taʻofi ki he ʻea ko e faikehekehe ia ʻi ha SWRO 7–8 kWh/m³ mo ha taha 2.5–4 kWh/m³.
Malohi vai ki he pamu HP (ʻo taʻe lau ʻa e lelei):
P_hyd [kW] = Q_feed [m³/h] × ΔP [bar] / 36
Ko e ngāue ʻaki malohi pau (SEC) ʻo fakatatau ki he vai hū:
SEC = P_hyd / (η_pump · Q_permeate) = ΔP / (36 · η_pump · Y)
Ki ha SWRO 60-bar, fakaakeake 45%, mo e lelei pamu 80%: SEC = 60 / (36 × 0.80 × 0.45) = 4.6 kWh/m³ ki he fakahū HP pē — taʻe ʻi ai ha fakaakeake malohi.
ʻI ha ERD ʻoku lelei ʻi he 95%, ʻoku toe fakafonu pē ʻe he pamu tefito ʻa e holo mafatukituki mo e mole ʻi he fakaakeake. ʻOku holo ʻa e SEC fakahū HP ki he ~1.8–2.2 kWh/m³. ʻI hono tānaki ʻa e pamu maʻu vai, tokanga muʻa mo e tokanga hili, ʻoku aʻu ʻa e SEC ʻo e ʻapi kātoa ki he 2.5–4 kWh/m³.
| Faʻahinga | Tefitoʻi Moʻoni | Lelei |
|---|---|---|
| Meʻa Fetongi Mafatukituki (isobaric) | ʻOku fetongitongi ʻe he rotor seramika ʻa e ngaahi loki ki he vai māsima HP mo e vai fakahū LP | 95–97% |
| Turbocharger Vai | Turbine vai māsima ʻi he shaft tatau mo e pamu fakalahi fakahū; centrifugal sitepu taha | 80–83% |
| Vaʻe Pelton | ʻOku toʻo ʻe he turbine ʻa e malohi mei he vai māsima, ʻo ne vili ʻa e shaft ʻo e pamu HP tefito | 75–85% (ʻoku siʻisiʻi hono fili ʻi he ʻaho ni) |
Ko e meʻa fetongi mafatukituki (PX) ko ha meʻa fakaʻuli tonu: ko ha rotor seramika (alumina) mo hono ngaahi ava ʻoku takai ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ʻufiʻufi seramika ʻe ua. ʻI he takai ʻa e rotor, ʻoku hoko fakaholo ʻa e ava taki taha ki he ava vai māsima HP (ʻo fakafonu ʻaki ʻa e vai māsima HP) pea ki he ava fakahū LP (ʻa ia ʻoku teketeke ai ʻe he vai māsima HP ʻa e vai fakahū foʻou ki tuʻa ʻi he ava fakahū HP ʻo ofi ki he mafatukituki ʻo e vai māsima). Ko e fefiofi ʻo e vai māsima mo e vai fakahū ʻi he rotor ko e 1–3%, ʻoku lau ia ko ha kihiʻi tānaki māsima siʻi ki he vai fakahū.
Ngaahi ngaohi:
Koeʻuhí ʻoku ʻoatu ʻe he PX ʻa e vai fakahū ʻi he mafatukituki ʻo e vai māsima (toʻo ha kihiʻi holo mafatukituki), ʻoku fie maʻu ha kihiʻi pamu fakalahi ke ne fakafonu ʻa e holo mafatukituki ʻi he laine membrane mo e PX tonu — angamaheni ko e 3–5 bar.
ʻOku fakataha ʻe he turbocharger vai ha turbine ʻoku vilingia ʻe he vai māsima mo ha pamu fakahū ʻi he shaft pē ʻe taha. ʻOku toʻo ʻe he turbine ʻa e malohi mei he tafe vai māsima ʻo ne ngāue ʻaki hangatonu ke fakalahi ʻa e mafatukituki ʻo e tafe fakahū. ʻOku ʻikai ha mōtolo mei tuʻa, ʻikai ha fefiofi ʻi he ongo tafe, pea ʻikai ha pamu fakalahi makehe.
Ko e FEDCO HPB-60 mo e HPB-130 ko e ngaahi sīpinga taki. Ngaahi mahuʻinga:
| Fakafuofua | Meʻa Fetongi Mafatukituki (PX) | Turbocharger (HPB) |
|---|---|---|
| Lelei ʻo e fetuku | 95–97% | 80–83% |
| Lelei ʻo e SEC | ~0.3–0.5 kWh/m³ māʻulalo ange | Tuʻunga kamata |
| Totongi faʻu | Māʻolunga ange; meʻa lahi ʻi he fokotuʻutuʻu | Māʻulalo ange; meʻa pē ʻe taha |
| Faingataʻa ʻo e vai | Pamu fakalahi mo e ngaahi ʻalunga ʻo e fokotuʻutuʻu | Meʻa pē ʻe taha, ʻalunga faingofua ange |
| Fefiofi | 1–3% (ʻoku fakalahi siʻi ai ʻa e māsima ʻi he vai fakahū) | Noa |
| Feituʻu ʻoku fie maʻu | Lahi ange ki he ʻapi lalahi (fokotuʻutuʻu) | Siʻi, tautautefito ki he < 1 MGD |
| Fakasiʻisiʻi ngāue | Lelei ʻaupito (tānaki pe toʻo ha module) | Lelei ʻi he VFD ʻi he pamu fakalahi |
| Tauhi | Moʻui taʻu 15 ʻa e rotor seramika, ʻoku fetongi ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻa e bearing | Konga ngaue pē ʻe taha, ʻikai ha fakalelei kuo palani |
| Feʻunga lelei taha | Ngaahi ʻapi lalahi ʻa e kolo ʻa ia ʻoku pule ʻa e SEC ki he LCOW | Ngaahi ʻapi ʻi ha kōnitena, siʻi mo lotolotoʻi, mo e O&M faingofua ange |
ʻOku sivi ʻa e ngaahi ERD ʻo e ʻaho ni ʻo fakatatau ki he fakamatala lelei fetuku malohi ʻa e ICC/IDA. ʻOku fakahā maʻu pē ʻe he ngaahi fua ʻi he ngāue ʻa e 95–97% ki he ngaahi PX mo e 80–83% ki he turbocharger. Ko e ngaahi ʻapi naʻe kamata ʻi he hongofulu taʻu kuo ʻosi ʻoku nau aʻusia angamaheni ʻa e SEC ʻo e ʻapi kātoa ʻi lalo ʻi he 3 kWh/m³ (Sorek 2 ʻi ʻIsileli: ~2.9; Carlsbad ʻi Kalifonia: ~3.5 kau ai mo e fetuku).
ʻI ha sisitemi ʻoku ʻi ai ha PX:
ʻI ha sisitemi ʻoku ʻi ai ha HPB:
Fakakaukau ki ha SWRO 100,000 GPD (378 m³/ʻaho, ~16 m³/h vai hū) ʻoku ngāue 24/7 ʻi he fakaakeake 40% (Q_feed = 40 m³/h, Q_brine = 24 m³/h) mo e mafatukituki membrane 65 bar.
ʻI he $0.12/kWh, ko e fakahaofi ʻi he taʻu ko e $34,000 (HPB) pe $39,000 (PX). Ko e faikehekehe angamaheni ʻo e totongi faʻu ko e $50,000–$120,000 ʻoku foki mai ʻi he taʻu ʻe 1.5–3. Ki he ngaahi ʻapi ʻoku ngāue ʻaki ʻa e laʻā, ʻoku fakasiʻisiʻi ʻe he ERD ʻa e totongi faʻu ʻo e PV mo e paateli ʻi ha vahe meimei tatau — ko ia ʻoku faʻa hoko ko e meʻa lahi taha ʻi he faʻu fakamāsima ʻaki ʻa e laʻā.
Founga ngāue ʻa e osimosisi fakafoki.
Fua mo e fokotuʻu ʻo e ngaahi ʻapi RO vai tahi.
Fakamaʻa, siofi, mo e fetongi.
Lau ʻo ha sivi vai fakahū ki he faʻu RO.
Fua ʻo e SWRO taʻe ʻi he ʻuhila mo e fakatahaʻi.
Fua ʻo e FEDCO HPB, fili ʻo e ERI PX, fakataha kakato ʻo e laine SWRO — talanoa mai ki heʻemau timi fakatekinikale.
Kole ha Fakamatala Totongi