Vai Ma'a & Malohi Ma'a
'Omi 'a e Vai Ma'a Ki he Tuliki Kotoa pe 'o Mamani
Vai Ma'a & Malohi Ma'a
'Omi 'a e Vai Ma'a Ki he Tuliki Kotoa pe 'o Mamani
Ngaahi lahi ʻo e fakamahu, lau ʻo e ngāue ʻaki, mo e paʻanga kemikale ʻi he taʻu ki he ngaahi ʻapi SWRO mo e BWRO.
Ko e ngāue ʻaki ʻo e kemikale ko e taha ʻo e ʻuluaki fika ʻoku ʻeke ʻi he taimi ʻoku fokotuʻu ai ʻa e paʻanga ki ha ʻapi RO, pea ko e taha ʻo e fakaʻosi ke tali totonu. Ko ha lau faingofua pē ia ʻi he hili hono fakapapauʻi ʻo e meʻa ʻe ua: ko e lahi ʻo e fakamahu ki he kemikale taki taha, pea mo e vai ʻoku fakamahu ki ai. Kapau ʻe hala ʻa e ua — ʻo fakamahu ʻa e kemikale ngāue tomuʻa ki he tafe ʻo e vai hū kae ʻikai ki he tafe fakahū — ʻe hala ʻa e tali ʻi ha tuʻo ua pe lahi ange.
Ko e tuʻutuʻuni ʻoku ne puleʻi ʻa e fika kotoa ʻi he peesi ni: ko e kemikale ʻoku fakahū ʻi muʻa ʻi he membrane ʻoku fakamahu ki he tafe fakahū. Ko e kemikale ʻoku tānaki ʻi mui ʻi he membrane ʻoku fakamahu ki he tafe ʻo e vai hū. ʻI he fakaakeake 40%, ʻoku kehe ʻa e ongo tafe ko ia ʻi he tuʻo 2.5.
Ko e ngaahi fika ʻi lalo ko e kamataʻanga faʻu ki he fakafuofua mo e paʻanga. Ko e lahi ʻoku ngāueʻaki moʻoni ʻi he kamata ngāue ʻoku haʻu ia mei hoʻo sivi vai mo e lau fonu ʻa e tokotaha ʻoatu ʻo e meʻa taʻofi ʻumea — ʻoku ʻikai ha fika totonu ki māmani kotoa, koeʻuhi ʻoku kehekehe ʻa e māsima fakangatangata mei he vai ʻe taha ki he taha.
| Kemikale | Ngāue | Lahi angamaheni | Fakamahu ki he |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meʻa taʻofi ʻumea | Taʻofi ʻa e ʻumea CaCO₃, CaSO₄, BaSO₄, SrSO₄ mo e silica ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e array | 2–5 mg/L ʻo e meʻa ʻoku ʻoatu (3 mg/L angamaheni ʻi he SWRO) | Fakahū |
| Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) | Toʻo ʻa e kulolini — maluʻi ʻa e polyamide mei he ʻokisiseni | ~3 mg/L ki he 1 mg/L ʻo e kulolini tauʻatāina | Fakahū |
| Ferric chloride (meʻa fakatahataha) | Toʻo ʻo e meʻa iiki ʻi muʻa ʻi he tātā media pe UF | 0.5–5 mg/L ko e Fe³⁺ (1–3 mg/L angamaheni) | Vai maʻu mei tuʻa |
| ʻAsiti sulfuric | Pule ʻo e alkalinity / LSI — tefito ʻi he BWRO | 10–50 mg/L (siʻi ʻaupito hono fie maʻu ʻi he SWRO) | Fakahū |
| Sodium hydroxide | Hiki ʻa e pH ki he taʻofi boron ʻi he hū tuʻo ua | Ki he pH 9.5–10.5 ʻi he fakahū ʻo e hū 2 | Vai hū mei he hū 1 |
| Laime / CO₂ (toe fakaminelale) | Fakatuʻumaʻu ʻa e vai hū ki hono tufa ki he inu | Taumuʻa 40–80 mg/L ko e CaCO₃ | Vai hū |
| Kulolini (fakamaʻa ki mui) | Toenga ʻi he sisitemi tufa | Toenga 0.5–1.0 mg/L | Vai hū |
| ʻAsiti citric (CIP) | Fakamaʻa pH māʻulalo — ʻumea carbonate, hydroxide ukamea | ~2% mamafa/mamafa ʻi he konga, pH 2–3 | ʻI he konga, ʻikai hokohoko |
| Sodium hydroxide + EDTA (CIP) | Fakamaʻa pH māʻolunga — meʻa moʻui mo e biofilm | ʻI he konga ki he pH 11–12 | ʻI he konga, ʻikai hokohoko |
Ki ha kemikale pē ʻoku fakamahu hokohoko:
kg/ʻaho = tafe (m³/ʻaho) × lahi (mg/L) ÷ 1,000
ʻOku fenāpasi ʻa e ngaahi fua koeʻuhi ko e 1 mg/L ʻoku tatau mo e 1 g/m³. Ko e meʻa pē ʻe taha ʻoku fie maʻu ke fakakaukau ki ai ko e tafe fē ke ngāueʻaki, pea pe ʻoku fakahā ʻa e lahi ko e meʻa ʻoku ʻoatu pe ko e konga ngāue — ʻoku faʻa fakahā ʻa e meʻa taʻofi ʻumea mo e meʻa fakatahataha ʻi he founga ʻe ua, pea ko hono fenoua ʻa e fehālaaki ʻoku faʻa hoko taha ʻi ha paʻanga kemikale.
Ngaahi tuʻunga: 4,000 m³/ʻaho ʻo e vai hū, fakaakeake 40%, maʻu vai tahi ʻataʻatā mo e kulolini ʻi he maʻuʻanga vai pea 1 mg/L ʻo e kulolini tauʻatāina ʻoku aʻu ki he feituʻu toʻo kulolini.
Tafe fakahū = 4,000 ÷ 0.40 = 10,000 m³/ʻaho. Vai fefeka = 6,000 m³/ʻaho.
| Kemikale | Lahi | Tafe ʻoku fakatatau ki ai | kg/ʻaho | toni/taʻu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meʻa taʻofi ʻumea | 3 mg/L | 10,000 m³/ʻaho fakahū | 30 | ~11.0 |
| SMBS | 3 mg/L | 10,000 m³/ʻaho fakahū | 30 | ~11.0 |
| Ferric chloride | 2 mg/L | 10,000 m³/ʻaho ʻi he maʻuʻanga vai | 20 | ~7.3 |
| Kulolini (ki mui) | 0.8 mg/L | 4,000 m³/ʻaho vai hū | 3.2 | ~1.2 |
| Laime (toe fakaminelale) | ~50 mg/L ko e CaCO₃ | 4,000 m³/ʻaho vai hū | ~200 | ~73 |
Kapau ko hoʻo fika 4,000 m³/ʻaho ko e tafe fakahū kae ʻikai ko e vai hū, vahe ʻa e ngaahi lahi ngāue tomuʻa ʻi ʻolunga ʻaki ʻa e 2.5 — 12 kg/ʻaho meʻa taʻofi ʻumea, 12 kg/ʻaho SMBS, 8 kg/ʻaho meʻa fakatahataha — pea ʻoku ngaohi ʻe he ʻapi ha 1,600 m³/ʻaho nai ʻo e vai hū. ʻOku ʻaonga ke fakapapauʻi pe ko e fē ʻa e tuʻunga ʻoku ʻuhinga ki ai ha fakaikiiki ki muʻa pea ke toki fakatau ʻa e kemikale ki ai.
ʻOku ʻikai kau ʻa e kemikale CIP ʻi he tepile ni koeʻuhi ʻoku ngāueʻaki ia ʻi he konga. Fakafuofua ki he tuʻo 1.5 nai ʻo e vai ʻoku nofo ʻi he ngaahi ipu mafatukituki mo e halanga CIP ki he fakamaʻa taki taha, ʻi he fakamaʻa ʻe 2–4 ʻi he taʻu ki ha maʻuʻanga vai ʻataʻatā.
ʻOku fai ʻe he meʻa taʻofi ʻumea ʻa e ngāue kemikale mahuʻinga taha ʻi ha ʻapi RO: ʻoku ne tauhi ʻa e ngaahi māsima faingataʻa hono vela ke nau nofo ʻi he vai ʻo laka atu ʻi honau tuʻunga fonu ʻi he ngataʻanga ʻo e array, ʻa ia ʻoku māʻolunga taha ai ʻa e tuʻunga. Ko e lahi fau ʻo e fakamahu ʻoku mole ai ʻa e paʻanga pea ʻe lava foki ke ne ʻuliʻi ʻa e membrane pe fafanga ʻa e tupu fakaʻalamea; ko e siʻi fau ʻoku ʻumea ai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻi he ngataʻanga, ʻa ia ʻoku hā ʻi he tupu ʻa e faikehekehe ʻo e mafatukituki mo e hū ʻa e māsima.
Koeʻuhi ʻoku fakatatau kakato ʻa e māsima fakangatangata ki he sivi ʻo e vai fakahū, ʻoku totonu ke haʻu ʻa e lahi mei ha lau fonu kuo fai ki hoʻo vai ʻi he fakaakeake ʻokú ke fakaʻamu ki ai, ʻo ʻikai mei ha tepile. Ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fika ʻi he peesi ni ki he paʻanga, pea fakapapauʻi ki muʻa pea toki kamata ngāue. Vakai ki he tataki faʻu SWRO ki he founga lau pea mo e tataki ki he ngaahi fua tuʻunga vai ki he sivi ʻoku fie maʻu ʻe ha lau.
ʻOku maumauʻi ʻe he kulolini ʻa e polyamide composite kili manifi, pea ʻoku fakaʻau ke lahi ʻa e maumau pea ʻikai lava ke toe fakalelei — naʻa mo e ngaahi taimi nounou ʻoku fakaʻau ke lahi. ʻOku faʻa fakakulolini ʻa e ngaahi maʻuʻanga vai ʻataʻatā ke pule ki he tupu fakaʻalamea ʻi he maʻuʻanga vai mo e ngāue tomuʻa, pea toki toʻo ʻa e kulolini ʻi muʻa hangatonu ʻi he membrane ʻaki ʻa e SMBS ʻi he 3 mg/L nai ki he 1 mg/L ʻo e kulolini tauʻatāina.
Ngāueʻaki ʻa e ORP, ʻo ʻikai ko e lau ʻo e lahi, ko e fua pule: tauhi ʻa e ORP ʻo e vai fakahū ʻi lalo ʻi he +200 mV nai pea fakahoko fakataha ʻa e pamu mafatukituki māʻolunga koeʻuhi ke tuku ʻa e ʻapi ʻi ha maumau ʻo e toʻo kulolini, kae ʻoua naʻa maumau ha kulupu membrane. ʻOku toʻo foki ʻe he karapone ngāue ʻa e kulolini, ka ʻi ha ʻapi lahi pehē ʻoku hoko ia ko ha tupuʻanga ki he tupu fakaʻalamea pea ko e fili hala ia ʻi he lahi taha.
ʻOku fakamahu ʻa e meʻa fakatahataha ʻi he maʻuʻanga vai maʻa, ʻi muʻa ʻi he tātā media pe ultrafiltration, ke fakataha ʻa e meʻa iiki ki ha meʻa lahi ʻe lava ke tātā pea fakasiʻisiʻi ai ʻa e SDI. ʻOku fokotuʻu ʻa e lahi ʻaki ha sivi ipu ʻo fakatatau ki he taumuʻa ʻo e ʻuli mo e SDI, ʻo faʻa hoko ko e 1–3 mg/L ko e Fe³⁺ ʻi ha maʻuʻanga vai ʻataʻatā lelei. Ko e lahi fau ʻoku ʻave ai ʻa e polyelectrolyte pe ukamea ki he membrane, ʻa ia ko ha founga ʻuli ia ʻiate ia pē — ʻoku ʻikai malu ange ʻa e lahi ange ʻo e meʻa fakatahataha.
Ko e ngaahi vai keli ʻi matātahi mo e ngaahi maʻuʻanga vai ʻi lalo ʻi he kelekele ʻoku nau ʻomai ha vai kuo ʻosi tātā ʻe he takelekele ʻo e tahi, ʻo faʻa siʻi ʻa e SDI ke ʻoua naʻa fie maʻu ha meʻa fakatahataha. Ko e fili pē ko ia ʻo e maʻuʻanga vai ko e taha ia ʻo e faikehekehe lahi taha ʻi he totongi kemikale ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha ongo ʻapi ʻoku tatau ʻa e toe ʻo kinaua.
ʻOku ueʻi ʻa e fakamaʻa ʻe he ola, ʻo ʻikai ʻe he ʻaho: ko ha tō ʻe 10–15% ʻo e tafe vai hū kuo fakatatau, ko ha hiki ʻe 15% ʻo e faikehekehe mafatukituki ʻi he sitepu, pe ko ha hiki ʻe 5–15% ʻo e hū ʻa e māsima kuo fakatatau. Fakamaʻa ki muʻa ʻi hono aʻusia ʻo e ua ʻo e tolu, koeʻuhi ʻoku faingofua ange ʻaupito hono toʻo ʻo e ʻuli ʻi he kamataʻanga.
Ko e founga kakato, kumi palopalema, mo e kemikale tauhi ʻoku ʻi he tataki tokangaʻi membrane.
ʻOku faʻa hoko ʻa e kemikale ko e 3–8% ʻo e totongi ngāue ʻo ha SWRO. Ko e malohi ʻoku pule, pea ko ia ai ʻoku liliu ʻe ha meʻa fakaakeake malohi ʻa e paʻanga ʻo lahi ange ʻi ha fakalelei kemikale — ko ha meʻa fetongi mafatukituki PX pe turbocharger FEDCO ʻoku ne fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e ʻuhila SWRO ʻo vaeua nai. Ka ʻoku kei ʻaonga ke fai totonu ʻa e paʻanga kemikale, koeʻuhi ʻoku ʻikai hā ʻa e lahi fau ʻi ha pānolo pea ʻoku fakaʻau ke lahi fakalongolongo ʻi ha taʻu.
Lau ʻa e fika ki hoʻo ʻapi ʻoʻou. Ko ʻemau meʻa lau fakamahu kemikale ʻoku ne lau ʻa e lahi ʻo e fakamahu mo e ngāue ʻaki ʻi he ʻaho mei hoʻo tafe mo e fakaakeake, pea ko e ForeverPure Place ʻoku ne tauhi ʻa e meʻa taʻofi ʻumea, meʻa fakatahataha, mo e kemikale CIP ʻi he pakete, tanoa, mo e tote.
ʻOku fakamahu ʻa e meʻa taʻofi ʻumea ki he vai fakahū ʻi he 2-5 mg/L ʻo e meʻa ʻoku ʻoatu, pea ko e 3 mg/L ha kamataʻanga angamaheni ki he RO vai tahi mo ha maʻuʻanga vai ʻataʻatā. ʻOku ʻikai ko ha tuʻutuʻuni faingofua ʻa e lahi totonu: ʻoku haʻu ia mei he lau fonu ʻa e tokotaha ʻoatu ki hoʻo sivi vai mo hoʻo fakaakeake pau, koeʻuhi ʻe lava ke hoko ʻa e māsima fakangatangata ko e CaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO4, SrSO4 pe ko e silica ʻo fakatatau ki he vai. Ki ha ʻapi ʻoku ne ngaohi ha 4,000 m3/ʻaho ʻo e vai hū ʻi he fakaakeake 40%, ko e tafe fakahū ko e 10,000 m3/ʻaho, ko ia ʻoku hoko ʻa e 3 mg/L ko e 30 kg/ʻaho, pe ko e toni ʻe 11 nai ʻi he taʻu.
Kamata mei he tafe fakahū, ʻo ʻikai mei he tafe ʻo e vai hū, ki he kemikale kotoa ʻoku fakamahu ʻi muʻa ʻi he membrane. ʻI he fakaakeake 40%, ʻoku toʻo ʻe ha ʻapi 4,000 m3/ʻaho ʻo e vai hū ha 10,000 m3/ʻaho ʻo e vai fakahū. Ko e ngāue ʻaki ʻi he ʻaho ʻi he kg/ʻaho ʻoku tatau mo e tafe fakahū ʻi he m3/ʻaho ʻoku fakalahi ʻaki ʻa e lahi ʻi he mg/L, pea vahe ʻaki ʻa e 1,000. ʻI he ngaahi lahi angamaheni ʻoku ʻomai ai ha 30 kg/ʻaho nai ʻo e meʻa taʻofi ʻumea ʻi he 3 mg/L, 30 kg/ʻaho ʻo e sodium metabisulfite ʻi he 3 mg/L, mo e 20 kg/ʻaho ʻo e ferric chloride ʻi he 2 mg/L. Ko e kemikale ki mui ʻoku fakamahu ki he tafe ʻo e vai hū, ko ia ko ha toenga kulolini 0.8 mg/L ʻi he 4,000 m3/ʻaho ko e 3.2 kg/ʻaho nai ʻo e kulolini ʻoku ʻi ai.
Fakamahu ha 3 mg/L nai ʻo e SMBS ki he 1 mg/L ʻo e kulolini tauʻatāina ʻi he vai fakahū. ʻOku siʻi ange ʻa e fie maʻu fakakemikale, ofi ki he 1.5 mg/L ki he mg/L, ka ʻoku ʻi ai ha toe ʻi he lahi moʻoni ke tauhi ha ʻātakai fakafoki pea ʻufiʻufi ʻa e tuai ʻa e meʻa sivi. Fakapapauʻi ʻaki ʻa e ORP kae ʻikai ko e lau pē: tauhi ʻa e vai fakahū ʻi lalo ʻi he +200 mV nai ʻi muʻa ʻi he membrane, pea fakahoko fakataha ʻa e pamu mafatukituki māʻolunga ki he ORP koeʻuhi ke ʻoua naʻa lava ʻe ha maumau ʻo e toʻo kulolini ʻo ʻokisiseni ʻa e kili polyamide. Ko e maumau ʻa e kulolini ki ha membrane composite kili manifi ʻoku fakaʻau ke lahi pea ʻikai lava ke toe fakalelei.
ʻOku ʻikai angamaheni. ʻOku pule ʻe he ngaahi meʻa taʻofi ʻumea fakaonopooni ʻa e ʻumea carbonate ʻi he tuʻunga pH angamaheni ʻo e vai tahi, ko ia ʻoku ngāue ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi ʻapi SWRO taʻe ha ʻasiti, ʻo faʻafai ai ke ʻoua naʻa ngāueʻaki ha kemikale fakatuʻutāmaki pea mo e CO2 ʻoku tukuange ʻe he ʻasiti ki he vai hū. ʻOku faʻa hoko ange ʻa e fakamahu ʻasiti ʻi he RO vai masima, ʻa ia ʻoku hiki ai ʻe he alkalinity māʻolunga mo e fakaakeake māʻolunga ʻa e Langelier Saturation Index ki he lelei. ʻI he ngāueʻaki ʻo e ʻasiti sulfuric ʻi he BWRO ko e lahi angamaheni ko e 10-50 mg/L, ʻoku fokotuʻu ʻe he alkalinity ʻoku pau ke maumauʻi ke ʻomai ʻa e LSI ʻo e vai fefeka ke siʻi.
Fakamaʻa ʻi he taimi kuo tō ai ʻa e tafe vai hū kuo fakatatau ʻi he 10-15%, kuo hiki ʻa e faikehekehe mafatukituki ʻi he 15%, pe kuo hiki ʻa e hū ʻa e māsima ʻi he 5-15% — ʻoku faʻa hoko ia ʻi he māhina ʻe 3-6 ʻi he RO vai tahi mo e maʻuʻanga vai ʻataʻatā. ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻe he fakamaʻa taki taha ha konga, ʻo ʻikai ha fakamahu hokohoko: teuteu ha 1.5 nai ʻo e vai ʻoku nofo ʻi he ngaahi ipu mo e halanga CIP, mo e 2% nai mamafa/mamafa ʻo e ʻasiti citric ki he sitepu pH māʻulalo pea mo e sodium hydroxide ki he pH 11-12 ki he sitepu pH māʻolunga, ʻo takaimuli ʻi he 30-35 C ki he miniti ʻe 30-60 mo ha unu ʻi he houa ʻe 1-4. Fai ʻa e sitepu ʻasiti ʻi muʻa ʻi he taimi ʻoku fie maʻu fakatouʻosi, koeʻuhi ʻe lava ʻe ha fufulu alkaline ʻo tuku ʻa e fefeka.
ʻOku faʻa hoko ʻa e kemikale ko e 3-8% ʻo e totongi ngāue ʻo ha SWRO, ʻo mamaʻo ʻi mui ʻi he malohi. Ki ha ʻapi 4,000 m3/ʻaho ʻi he ngaahi lahi ʻi ʻolunga, ʻamanaki ki he toni ʻe 11 nai ʻi he taʻu ʻo e meʻa taʻofi ʻumea, toni ʻe 11 ʻi he taʻu ʻo e SMBS ʻi he taimi ʻoku fakakulolini ai ʻa e maʻuʻanga vai, mo e toni ʻe 7 ʻi he taʻu ʻo e meʻa fakatahataha ʻi ha maʻuʻanga vai ʻataʻatā. Ko e ngaahi maʻuʻanga vai kuo tāpuni hangē ko e vai keli ʻi matātahi ʻoku faʻa ʻikai fie maʻu ha meʻa fakatahataha pea siʻi pe ʻikai ha toʻo kulolini, ʻa ia ko e taha ia ʻo e faikehekehe lahi taha ʻi he totongi kemikale ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha ongo ʻapi ʻoku tatau ʻa e toe ʻo kinaua.
ʻOatu mai hoʻo tafe, fakaakeake, mo e sivi ʻo e vai fakahū pea te mau fakafoki atu ʻa e ngaahi lahi ʻo e fakamahu, ʻa e ngāue ʻaki ʻi he ʻaho, mo ha paʻanga kemikale ʻi he taʻu fakataha mo e fokotuʻu ʻo e sisitemi.
Kole ha Fakatau